Developmental Toxicology

Transcriptomics and Proteomics Applied to Developmental Toxicology

An Alternative to the Beta-Binomial Distribution with Application in Developmental Toxicology

The beta-binomial distribution is resulted when the probability of success per trial in the binomial distribution varies in successive trials and the mixing distribution is from the beta family. For experiments with binary outcomes, often it may happen that observations exhibit some extra binomial variation and occur in clusters. In such experiments the beta-binomial distribution can generally ...

Developmental toxicology: status of the field and contribution of the National Toxicology Program.

The NTP has conducted developmental toxicity studies on more than 50 chemicals, often in multiple species. Several chemicals caused developmental toxicity in the absence of any toxicity to the mother. Although hazard to humans is determined by the level of exposure to the chemical and its inherent toxicity, those agents that selectively disturb the development of the conceptus are of particular...

REACH and reproductive and developmental toxicology: still questions.

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a new chemicals regulation law in the European Union (EU). The law is supplemented by tens of thousands of pages of guidance documents, and the implementation of REACH is still a work in progress. Requirements for chemical testing are based on the annual volume of a chemical or 'substance' that is produced or impor...

The challenge of reproductive and developmental toxicology under REACH.

The European Union's REACH regulation has explicit requirements for reproductive and developmental toxicity data on all substances manufactured in or imported into the European Union at > or = 10 metric tons/year. Meeting the data requirements with whole-animal testing could result in the use of almost 22 million vertebrate animals for the registration of existing chemicals and cost up to sever...